RESEARCH PROPOSAL THE IMPACT OF TV ON MARRIAGE IN TANZANIA

DAR ES SALAAM SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM THE IMPACT OF TV ON MARRIAGE IN TANZANIA CASE STUDY: DAR ES SALAAM CITY YEAR OF STUDY 2012 WRITTEN BY: COSMAS J.PAHALAH SUPERVISSED BY: EDWIN MPOKASYE TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE 1.0) BACK GROUND OF STUDY……………...........1-3 1.1) STATEMENT OF THE STUDY………………...3-5 1.2) OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY………………….5-6 1.3) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………..6 1.4) SCOPE AND LIMITATION…………………….6 CHAPTER TWO 2.0) LITERATURE REVIEW………………………….7-8 CHAPTER THREE 3.0) RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………9 3.1) POPULATION……………………………….…9 3.2) SAMPLE AND SAMPLING…………………...9 3.3) STUDY AREA ………………………………....9 3.4) INSTRUMENT OF COLECTING DATA……10 1.0) BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The history of television records the work of numerous engineers and inventors in several countries over many decades. The fundamental principles of television were initially developed using electromechanical methods to scan, transmit and reproduce an image. As electronic camera and display tubes were perfected, electromechanical television gave way to all-electronic broadcast television systems in nearly all applications. The Nipkow disk. This schematic shows the circular paths traced by the holes, that may also be square for greater precision. The area of the disk outlined in black shows the region scanned. The beginnings of mechanical television can be traced back to the discovery of the photoconductivity of the element selenium by Willoughby Smith in 1873, the invention of a scanning disk by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884 and John Logie Baird's demonstration of televised moving images in 1926. As a 23-year-old German university student, Paul Nipkow proposed and patented the first electromechanical television system in 1884. Although he never built a working model of the system, variations of Nipkow's spinning-disk "image rasterizer" for television became exceedingly common, and remained in use until 1939. Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25, 1900. Perskyi's paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by Lee DeForest and Arthur Korn among others, made the design practical.[ The first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of still silhouette images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909, using a rotating mirror-drum as the scanner and a matrix of 64 selenium cells as the receiver. In 1911, Boris Rosing and his student Vladimir Zworykin created a television system that used a mechanical mirror-drum scanner to transmit, in 1 Zworykin's words, "very crude images" over wires to the "Braun tube" (cathode ray tube or "CRT") in the receiver. Moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, "the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy". On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridge's Department Store in London. AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories transmitted halftone still images of transparencies in May 1925. On June 13 of that year, Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted the silhouette image of a toy windmill in motion, over a distance of five miles from a naval radio station in Maryland to his laboratory in Washington, using a lensed disk scanner with a 48-line resolution. However, if television is defined as the live transmission of moving images with continuous tonal variation, Baird first achieved this privately on October 2, 1925. But strictly speaking, Baird had not yet achieved moving images on October 2. His scanner worked at only five images per second, below the threshold required to give the illusion of motion, usually defined as at least 12 images per second. By January, he had improved the scan rate to 12.5 images per second. Then on January 26, 1926 at his laboratory in London, Baird gave what is widely recognized as being the world's first demonstration of a working television system to members of the Royal Institution and a newspaper reporter. Unlike later electronic systems with several hundred lines of resolution, Baird's vertically scanned image, using a scanning disk embedded with a double spiral of lenses, had only 30 lines, just enough to reproduce a recognizable human face On December 25, 1926, Kenjiro Takayanagi demonstrated a television system with a 40-line resolution that employed a Nipkow disk scanner and CRT display at Hamamatsu Industrial High School in Japan. This prototype 2 is still on display at the Takayanagi Memorial Museum in Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu Campus. His researches in creating a production model were halted by the US after Japan lost World War II Mechanical scanning systems, though obsolete for the more familiar television systems, nevertheless survive in long wave infrared cameras because there is no suitable all-electronic pickup device. 1.1) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM It is said that marriages are made in heaven and celebrated on earth. The popular belief is true to many extents, because it is a special bond shared between two souls, who tie the wedding knot after promising to be companions for a lifetime. It is the physical, mental and spiritual unison of two souls. It brings significant stability and substance to human relationships, which is otherwise incomplete. It plays a crucial role in transferring the culture and civilization from one generation to the other, so that the human race is prospered. The institution of marriage is beneficial to the society as a whole, because it is the foundation of the family, which in turn is the fundamental building block of the society. Marriage is sacred in Africa and beyond, because it solidifies relationship that enrich communities and nations by bring forth new life and new hope. African cultures celebrate the coming of the rains, the first harvest and the birth of a child. Marriage is that cultural process which ushers in new life. It is a cherished and most celebrated rite of passage since the dawn of African civilization. But marriage is not a human right: Human rights don’t need licenses or certificates. Marriage is instead a privilege afforded by communities, between man and woman for those who meet the criteria. Marriage is the only known incubator for the raising of balanced socially functional children. It is a civilized union of man and woman. The ideal set 3 up for a child to be raised in to full functionality in the African context as a contributor to civilization. It is the institutionalization of complementary relationship between male and female energies, enshrining in the child sentiments and values from both sexes. This is the formula which is secured with marriage. Extended family systems sit in this equation by sharing responsibilities and enshrining balance. Even if a woman is unable to contribute by having her own biological children her role as a mother is expressed in a communal set up. And hence why the Pan-African proverb of it takes a village to raise a child. Parenting is communal, and the harmonies of male and female energies are critical in enshrining balanced humans. The Tanzanian government recognizes four types of marriages: monogamous Christian marriage, polygamous Muslim marriages, civil marriages (which are understood to be potentially polygamous), and traditional or customary marriages (which are also understood to be potentially polygamous). Nonetheless, the Marriage Act explicitly states that it supersedes both Islamic and Customary law in regulation of all four types of marriage. The Marriage Act guarantees women's rights to property required on her own, as well as rights to matrimonial assets. Furthermore, the law requires judges to take domestic activities into account as contributions to marital assets. Despite these legal protections, most people fail to register marriage for whatever reason, and as a result, few women are financially or socially able to pursue Court remedies. The impact of television technology in Tanzania brought changes in African marriage the following are some negative impact of television towards Tanzanian marriage. Television programs provide hours of entertainment for those who watch them. In moderation, television viewing does not necessarily have crucial negative effects. Excessive television viewing has the potential to create harm, however, especially on families and marriages. Too much television 4 minimizes time and communication, creates a poor perception of married life and disarms basic values needed to build a strong marriage. Many television programs portray marriage inaccurately. Shows focusing on constant romance and excitement mislead audiences into having a false perception of how daily married life works). Reality television shows present the most notoriously inaccurate views and some marriage counselors have even come out against such shows. Diane Thurlow at Healthy Marriage Counseling in Eugene suggests that reality shows such as "The Bachelor" and "Who Wants to Marry a Millionaire?" make marriage look like a game by ignoring key steps in relationship-building. Marlin Shultz agrees, stating that reality show couples lack the time needed to build strong foundational friendships. And Donald Milhaur, another couples counselor, also agrees, stating that people get sucked into the falling-in-love state that reality television portrays and fail to focus on what comes after. Reality television helps perpetrate a fixation on the excitement of finding love while often failing to show the benefits of creating a stable, content marriage. This emphasis on romance over love built through hard work and commitment leads to more unhappy marriages and divorce 1.3) OBJECTIVES GENERAL OBJECTIVE The general objective of the study will be to sight and describe the impact of Television in marriage. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES i) To ensure TV could not exploit people’s marriage. 5 ii) To suggest best ways of using TV with out affecting marriages iii) To enable couples and spouses recognize that TV programs has vigorous power to erode their marriage. iv)To enable sociologist to make research in every time so as to know well the impact of TV programs to the marriage. v) To enable the media to be aware that their programs they should not harm people’s marriage. 1.4)SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY i) Will make the audience to be a part and partial to our local media ii) Will make couples and spouses to be aware of TV programs iii) Will help the future researchers as review of their research iv) Will be used by researcher as a requirement of fulfillment for award diploma in journalism. 1.5) SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study will not reach a wider audience because of limitations of finance to cater for researcher’s trip and accommodation, and also time constraint, which hindered the researcher to travel faraway. The selection of study area will therefore based on the researcher’s convenience and available. 6 2.1) CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIW Cultural Imperialism Theory states that Western nations dominate the media around the world which in return has a powerful effect on Third World Cultures by imposing n them Western views and therefore destroying their native cultures. Schiller, H. J. (1973 Western Civilization produces the majority of the media (film, news, comics, etc.) because they have the money to do so. The rest of the world purchases those productions because it is cheaper for them to do so rather than produce their own. Therefore, Third World countries are watching media filled with the Western world's way of living, believing, and thinking. The third world cultures then start to want and do the same things in their countries and destroy their own culture. This theory says that humans do not have the free will to chose how they feel, act, think, and live. They react to what they see on television because there is nothing else to compare it to besides their own lives, usually portrayed as less than what it should be. Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Learning brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views. There are three main categories of learning theory: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts. 7 Kerry O'Donnell in his article “The Negative Effects of TV in a Couple's Bedroom” stated that, Many people are aware of all the negative effects of having a television in a child's bedroom. Television watching at bedtime interferes with a child's sleep, leading to all kinds of problems. It can cause problems with their health, performance in school, behavior issues and motivation interference. But what happens when a couple has a television in their bedroom? Research shows that a television in the bedroom can put strains on a relationship in several areas. An Italian study conducted over 500 couples found that having a television in the bedroom had a negative effect on a couple's sex life. Results showed that couples without a TV in the bedroom had sex on the average of twice a week, or eight times per month. A bedroom television cut that number in half, with couples having sex once a week, or four times a month. The decline is even steeper for couples in their fifties or older. The choice of television programming also can have a negative impact on a couple's sex life. Shows that are violent cut couples' desire in half. Reality shows are even more impacting, cutting that desire by a third. The television in the bedroom can intrude on a couple's time alone together, reducing talking and communication. It can interfere with not only a couple's physical intimacy, but also their emotional intimacy. There can also be problems when a couple disagrees on the program they are going to watch. And then there is the never-ending debate on who will control the remote. Jackie Bolen in her article “TV's Effect on the Family “stated that, TV reflects as well as shapes our cultural expectations and norms. TV has brought about revolution in many, if not all areas of life for who can say that their work, family life, leisure time, and school are not in some way influenced by television. TV, its values, moral messages and lifestyle it promotes has a serious, negative impact upon the family. 8 CHAPTER THREE 3.0) RESEARCH DESIGN This study will use combination of methods to collect data, the primary data will be conducted by using structured interview, observation and questionnaire method while secondary data will be conducted by documented different documents. 3.1) POPULATION The population of this study will be married people from Dar es salaam city . This study will be limited in Dar es salaam city because the city has the largest number of TV station and large number of the TV audience than rest. 3.2) SAMPLE AND SAMPLING This study will use both probability and non probability sampling techniques. Representative and a basis for generalizing the conclusion by using sample of 100 people spouses, people who are in courtship, and religious leaders. Researcher will interview about 50 % of spouses’ 25% people who are in courtship and 25% of religious leaders. 3.3) STUDY AREA The study limited in Dar es salaam city at Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke municipal. The study is limited in the area because the researcher has no enough money to conduct reseach through out the country. 9 3.4) INSTRUMENT OF COLLECTING DATA The researcher will use a number of ways in conduct research includes interview, observation and questionnaire method. The primary data will be conducted by using structured interview, observation and questionnaire method while secondary data will be conducted by documented different documents. 10