RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITTEN BY: COSMAS J.PAHALA

DAR ES SALAAM SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM RESEARCH PROPOSAL DEPARTIMENT OF JOURNALISM TOPIC: POSITION OF NEWSPAPER IN PROMOTING GOOD GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN TANZANIA CASE STUDY: DAR ES SALAAM CITY YEAR OF STUDY 2012 WRITTEN BY: COSMAS J.PAHALA SUPERVISSED BY: BRO. EDWIN MPOKASYE TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER ONE 1.0) STATEMENT OF THE STUDY……………...........1-3 1.1) BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY………………..3-5 1.2) OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY……………………5-6 1.3) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY……………….6 1.4) RESEARCH QUESTION………………………….6 1.5) SCOPE AND LIMITATION……………………....7 1.6) TERMINOLOGICAL DIFFINATION……………8 CHAPTER TWO 2.0) LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………….9-10 CHAPTER THREE 3.0) RESEARCH DESIGN………………………..…11 3.1) POPULATION……………………….……….…..11 3.2) SAMPLE AND SAMPLING………….……….....11 3.3) STUDY AREA ………………………….……......11 3.4) INSTRUMENT OF COLECTING DATA.……...12 CAPTER ONE 1.0) STATEMENT OF THE STUDY Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter. -Thomas Jefferson, 1787. For my part I entertain a high idea of the utility of periodical publications; in so much as I could heartily desire, copies of ... magazines, as well as common Gazettes, and might be spread through every city, town, and village in the United States. I consider such vehicles of knowledge more happily calculated than any other to preserve the liberty, stimulate the industry, and ameliorate the morals of a free and enlightened people.- George Washington, 1788. Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech or of the press... -Article One, Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution, 1789. Here is the living disproof of the old adage that nothing is as dead as yesterday's newspaper... This is what really happened, reported by a free press to a free people. It is the raw material of history; it is the story of our own times. -Henry Steel Commager, preface to a history of the New York Times, 1951 "One of the objects of a newspaper is to understand the popular feeling and give expression to it, another is to arouse among the people certain desirable sentiments; the third is fearlessly to expose popular defects"- Above quotation argued by the nation father of India Mahatma Gandhi where he tried to explain on the importance and power of the press (mass media), during his time newspaper was only popular medium for communication where other forms of communication such as radio, television and online media was not established. The foregoing statement by Gandhi explains the importance of media in upholding freedom, and in expanding education and social reforms and change. 1 Media can inform people giving them the voice to be heard and heeded to. Democracy requires that people should have the right to know the activities of the government, especially the decision of the government that affects their life, liberty and property. Information is important for people to make choices regarding their participation in the State, the market and the civil society. Sufficient information helps people to decide rationally and take the right course of action beneficial to them. Media-both print and electronic-thus helps people to know what is happening around the world, socialize them with the values of pluralism and equip them with the elements of modernity. By publicizing information the media also make public services more responsive to the people. A responsible media equally helps in socialization of people into citizenship, democratization of the State and political society, institutionalization of civic culture through unfettered flow of information, and rationalized use of power in social relations. In a nascent democracy like Nepal, media can also help voters with the contents of civic and political education and strengthen the culture of democracy. This is the reason political scientist Karl Deutsch has called that the system of communication proves a "nerve of the polity," and any breakdown of the nerve may cause dysfunctional impact in the performance of the polity causing governance decay. Realizing this the Article 16 of the Constitution of Nepal 1990 says:; every citizen shall have the right to demand and receive information on any matter of public importance". This implies that the right to information has become a human and constitutional right of the Nepalese people. The denial of this right can be contested under Article 23 of the constitution. The Supreme Court of Nepal under Article 88(2) holds tremendous power to enforce this right. This suggests that free access to information on matters of public importance has become a core of the governing process. In fact, the key element of good governance postulates three essential features: legitimacy; accountability and transparency-the last element being the core basis of media culture. 2 Right to information as a key to good governance: Governance is conceived as the capacity of the state, the market and the civil society, media included, "to sustain itself under the constitutional setting" in order to move "towards avowed goals, reduce the inherent cleavages among social, cultural, ecological and political systems and communities, concert sound policies, mobilize resources and maintain the sufficient level of legitimacy, transparency, credibility and accountability before the public"'. A governance that steers in normative order to achieve its goals-law and order, human and national security, voice and participation and the promotion of public goods is called good governance. The World Bank defines: “Good governance is epitomized by predictable and enlightened policy making; a bureaucracy imbued with a professional ethos; an executive arm of government accountable for its actions; a strong civil society participating in public affairs; and all behaving under the rule of law". "Transparency guarantees, including the right to disclosure, can thus be an important category of instrumental freedom. Limiting the powers of the State by providing the citizens the fundamental and human rights. Article 12 of the constitution guarantees the right to freedom. These freedoms include: personal liberty under law of the land and abolition of capital punishment, freedom of opinion and expression, peaceful assembly, freedom to form unions and organizations, freedom to move and reside in any part of the country and freedom to practice any occupation, profession, trade and industry 1.1) BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of the human experience going back some five centuries. In Renaissance Europe handwritten newsletters circulated privately among merchants, passing along information about everything from wars and economic conditions to social customs and "human interest" features. The first printed forerunners of the newspaper appeared in Germany in the late 1400's in the form of news pamphlets or broadsides, often highly sensationalized in content. 3 Some of the most famous of these report the atrocities against Germans in Transylvania perpetrated by a sadistic veovod named Vlad Tsepes Drakul, who became the Count Dracula of later folklore. In the English-speaking world, the earliest predecessors of the newspaper were corantos, small news pamphlets produced only when some event worthy of notice occurred. The first successively published title was The Weekly News of 1622. It was followed in the 1640's and 1650's by a plethora of different titles in the similar news book format. The first true newspaper in English was the London Gazette of 1666. For a generation it was the only officially sanctioned newspaper, though many periodical titles were in print by the century's end. In America the first newspaper appeared in Boston in 1690, entitled Public Occurrences. Published without authority, it was immediately suppressed, its publisher arrested, and all copies were destroyed. Indeed, it remained forgotten until 1845 when the only known surviving example was discovered in the British Library. The first successful newspaper was the Boston News-Letter, begun by postmaster John Campbell in 1704. Although it was heavily subsidized by the colonial government the experiment was a near-failure, with very limited circulation. Two more papers made their appearance in the 1720's, in Philadelphia and New York, and the Fourth Estate slowly became established on the new continent. By the eve of the Revolutionary War, some two dozen papers were issued at all the colonies, although Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania would remain the centers of American printing for many years. Articles in colonial papers, brilliantly conceived by revolutionary propagandists, were a major force that influenced public opinion in America from reconciliation with England to full political independence. In Tanzania history of news paper is traced back after second word war and during the process of decolonization. During uhuru fighting a number of news paper was established in Tanzania highland and Zanzibar Island. 4 Zanzibar Island include; Mwongozi (The Leader), came in the presses on February 3rd 1941, Habari za Wiki (News of the Week), Daily News Bulletin was a Swahili-language evening paper which was distributed to coffee shops, social clubs, reading rooms, and the district officials in rural areas, In 1945, the Zanzibar Times was established by the Muslim Association, Afrika Kwetu, In Tanzania main land includes Viongozi wa Kesho (The Leaders of Tomorrow): This Swahili paper was published by the primary school in Magomeni/Dar es Salaam in 1967, The Voice of Christian African Literature” appeared in 1970, Wanasoka Wetu (Our Soccer Players): The monthly of the Writers and Publicity Consultants Company was first mentioned in the press directory of 1970/71, Washirika News (Co-operative News):First mentioned in the press directory of 1981 (date of registration: May 10th1986), Ushindi Wetu (Our Victory), The paper was registered as a newspaper on July 2nd 1985, The magazine of the Students’ Union of the University of Dar es Salaamwas founded in 1965, Utume wa Wahai (Timely Dispatch) Published by the Diocese of Kigoma, theSwahili paper was edited by Fr. George Leisner in 1980, Uzazi Bora (Proper Birth) The Swahili quarterly of the „Chama cha Uzazi naMalezi Bora cha Tanzania” (UMATI, Association of Proper Birth and Education of Tanzania) was founded in 1973, Uhuru na Umoja (Independence and Unity), This publication of the EvangelicalLutheran Church in Tanzania (ELCT) was first mentioned in the press directory of 1981. 1.2) OBJECTVES GENERAL OBJECTIVE The general objective of the study is to describe the role of media in promote good governance and accountability. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. To find out the position of newspaper in promote good governance and accountability 5 2. To access or explore the challenges facing journalist in promoting good governance and accountability 3. To bring awareness to the society that mass media (news paper) are plays cornerstone role in promoting good governance and accountability of the government. 1.3) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 1. The research will be used academicians as a source of information and reference. 2. Also the study will be vital in ongoing debate on the power of media in democratization process. 3. This study study will be partial fulfillments of the requirement of the Diploma in Journalism. 4. Also will help further researchers in conducting research about role of media in promoting good governance and accountability. 1.4) RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are importance of media in Tanzania?- 2. Are newspapers promoting the government accountability in Tanzania? 3. Is are Tanzanian media affect government accountability and good governance? 6 1.5) SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study will not reach a wider audience because of limitations of finance to cater for researcher’s trip and accommodation, and also time constraint, which hindered the researcher to travel faraway. The selection of study area will therefore based on the researcher’s convenience and available. 7 TERMINOLOGICAL DEFFINATIONS NEWSPAPER- is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features, editorials, and advertising. It usually is printed on relatively inexpensive, low-grade paper such as newsprint. General-interest newspapers typically publish stories on local and national political events and personalities, crime, business, entertainment, society and sports. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor and columns that express the personal opinions of writers. GOOD GOVERNANCE- is an indeterminate term used in international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. Governance describes "the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented)".The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance or to the interactions between other sectors of society. ACCOUNTABILITY- accountability is answerability, blameworthiness, liability, and the expectation of account-giving. As an aspect of governance, it has been central to discussions related to problems in the public sector, nonprofit and private (corporate) worlds. In leadership roles accountability is the acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies including the administration, governance, and implementation within the scope of the role or employment position and encompassing the obligation to report, explain and be answerable for resulting consequences. In governance, accountability has expanded beyond the basic definition of "being called to account for one's actions. It is frequently described as an account-giving relationship between individuals, e.g. "A is accountable to B when A is obliged to inform B about A’s (past or future) actions and decisions, to justify them, and to suffer punishment in the case of eventual misconduct". Accountability cannot exist without proper accounting practices; in other words, an absence of accounting means an absence of accountability. 8 CHAPTER TWO 2.0)LITERATURE REVIEW Forthcoming in Pippa Norris (ed.): Public Sentinel: New Media and the Governance Agenda, Washington DC, This paper explores the notion of accountability and how it can be applied to the relationship between governments, citizens, and the media in transitional democracies. In it, Katrin Voltmer explores the normative expectations underlying government accountability, social accountability, and media accountability - contrasting them with professional journalistic practices that generate a kind of news coverage that often falls short of these ideals. Because the media are not assimilated by viewers and readers at face value, Voltmer goes on to explore research that has been conducted to better understand the media's influence on citizens' politics. Voltmer's argument is premised on the claim that democratic accountability encompasses not only political power holders but also the citizens and the media that link governments and citizens. She observes that the ability and willingness of the citizens to engage in political life, in addition to the quality of public communication, play an important part in strengthening the link between those in power and the citizenry. Voltmer suggests that collective accountability means civic engagement that goes far beyond voting: "if citizens are ignorant about political issues, do not make an effort to have a say, despise their representatives, and do not believe in democratic values, then the viability of that democracy might be seriously at risk - even if the institutions are perfectly designed." Lal Babu Yadav, Role of Media in Promoting Good Governance (2010) Freedom of citizens, a free and responsible press, an independent judiciary and government's data information are the system which can be perceived to be the key to the enhancement of right to information and make the institutions of governance transparent and accountable. The right to information, guaranteed rights and press and publication right are three vital means for establishing "open society" 9 Mahatma Gandhi "One of the objects of a newspaper is to understand the popular feeling and give expression to it, another is to arouse among the people certain desirable sentiments; the third is fearlessly to expose popular defects"- Above quotation argued by the nation father of India Mahatma Gandhi where he tried to explain on the importance and power of the press (mass media), during his time newspaper was only popular medium for communication where other forms of communication such as radio, television and online media was not established Learning theories are conceptual frameworks that describe how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Learning brings together cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences and experiences for acquiring, enhancing, or making changes in one's knowledge, skills, values, and world views. There are three main categories of learning theory: behaviorism, cognitive, and constructivism. Behaviorism focuses only on the objectively observable aspects of learning. Cognitive theories look beyond behavior to explain brain-based learning. And constructivism views learning as a process in which the learner actively constructs or builds new ideas or concepts. 10 CHAPTER THREE 3.0) RESEARCH DESIGN This study will use combination of three methods of collecting data, the primary data will be conducted by using structured interview, observation and questionnaire method while secondary data will be conducted by documented different documents. 3.1) POPULATION The population of this study will be journalists from different media houses and local people from Dar es salaam city . This study will be limited in Dar es salaam city because the city has the largest number of TV station and large number of the newspaper audience than rest. 3.2) SAMPLE AND SAMPLING This study will use both probability and non probability sampling techniques. Representative and a basis for generalizing the conclusion by using sample of 100 people. Researcher will interview about 50 % are people from different strees fro Dar es salaam city’ 5 are journalists% and 45% are students from higher learning institution. 3.3) STUDY AREA The study limited in Dar es salaam city at Kinondoni, Ilala and Temeke municipal. The study is limited in the area because the researcher has no enough money to conduct reseach through out the country. 11 3.4) INSTRUMENT OF COLLECTING DATA The researcher will use a number of ways in conduct research includes interview, observation and questionnaire method. The primary data will be conducted by using structured interview, observation and questionnaire method while secondary data will be conducted by documented different documents.